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It's no wonder Warren Buffett loves bank stocks. The legendary billionaire investor has more than $80 billion of the $330 billion Berkshire Hathaway (BRK.A 0.92%) (BRK.B 0.34%) stock portfolio invested in this one industry.
The reason is simple: Bank stocks possess many of the Buffett must-haves. First, banks serve an important societal need that will never go away. Second, banking business models are relatively simple to understand. Third, despite the health of many banks improving dramatically since the 2008 financial crisis, some bank stocks are trading at a bargain -- a key indicator that now is the best time to invest.
Let's examine the basics of bank stock investing, the history of bank stocks, and how to find one worth investing in.
What are the different types of bank stocks?
What are the different types of bank stocks?
Generally, there are three different types of banks:
Commercial banks
Commercial banks are what most people think of when they hear the word "bank," which are those making money by taking in customer deposits and lending the vast majority of the cash to borrowers. Wells Fargo (WFC 0.24%) and U.S. Bancorp (USB -0.64%) are two of the biggest commercial banks.
Investment banks
Investment banks such as Morgan Stanley (MS -0.81%) and Goldman Sachs (GS -0.36%) mainly provide financial services to corporations, companies, and governments. They also provide services such as facilitating complex financial transactions, advisory services, stock trading, and asset management. Investment banks also guide companies through their initial public offerings (IPOs).
Universal banks
These banks offer both commercial banking and investment banking services -- think Bank of America (BAC -0.79%), Citigroup (C 0.91%), and JPMorgan Chase (JPM 1.24%). They offer the advantages of a diversified revenue stream and international scale. They also come with the risks of both commercial and investment banking and are more complex businesses to understand.
IPO
IPO (Initial Public Offering) is the first sale of stock by a private company to the public, making it a publicly traded entity.
Top three bank stocks by market cap
Top three bank stocks by market cap
1. JPMorgan Chase
The largest U.S. bank by assets, JPMorgan Chase was formed in 2000, although its earliest predecessor institution, The Manhattan Company, was founded in 1799. With assets of almost $4 trillion, JPMorgan focuses its core business on community banking, investment banking, and wealth management.
Under the leadership of CEO Jamie Dimon, JPMorgan managed to emerge from the global financial crisis in better shape than its peers. Sensing the growing default risk, the company largely stayed away from the toxic subprime and derivatives markets, a move that brought criticism for being too conservative. Like its other mega-bank peers, JPMorgan has also navigated the COVID-19 pandemic, emerging largely unscathed, and is now set to profit from rising interest rates.
2. Bank of America
Bank of America is second to JPMorgan, with more than $3.2 trillion in assets. Unlike JPMorgan, the company was bruised and battered by the financial crisis after two notable acquisitionsthat brought years of costly litigation and cost tens of billions in losses.
CEO Brian Moynihan, who took over in 2010, led one of the most dramatic turnarounds in banking history. As a result, Bank of America was well-positioned coming into the COVID-19 pandemic with a cleaned-up balance sheet and great management. Today's BofA is arguably the best-run of the biggest banks, and the steady improvement in its return metrics supports this. Buffett is certainly a big fan, having made Bank of America easily the biggest bank in Berkshire's portfolio. With the cash from the largest low-cost deposit base in banking, BofA is potentially in the best position to profit from rising interest rates.
3. Wells Fargo
Wells Fargo (WFC 0.24%) has a great track record of strong lending results across economic cycles. It was remarkably stable throughout the Great Recession, taking a conservative approach to loan and deposit growth and avoiding risky investments. Historically, Wells Fargo been one of the best banks at managing through crises, a big reason Buffett long made it a featured holding in the Berkshire portfolio.
But the fallout from a fake accounts scandal that damaged the bank's reputation and led to the ouster of its CEO has plagued the company and made Buffett a seller. It also led to severe restrictions from regulators, including a prohibition on increasing its assets above $1.95 trillion. As of May 2022, this asset cap was still in place, a brutal restriction as we move into a rising-rate environment.
How to calculate profitability ratios for a bank
How to calculate profitability ratios for a bank
Since many banks generate profits from lending activities, it's important to know which financial metrics paint the best picture of how profitable a bank really is.
Here are four key profitability metrics for analyzing traditional bank stocks:
| Profitability Metric | How to Calculate | Ideal Benchmark |
|---|---|---|
| Return on equity (ROE) | Net income ÷ Total shareholder's equity x 100 | At least 10% |
| Return on assets (ROA) | Net income ÷ Total assets x 100 | At least 1% |
| Net interest margin (NIM) | Net interest ÷ Total interest generating assets x 100 | At least 3% |
| Efficiency ratio | Noninterest expense ÷ Net revenue x 100 | 60% or lower |
Return on equity
Return on equity (ROE) is how much profit a company generates as a percentage of shareholders' equity, or the amount that would be returned to shareholders if all assets were sold and debts repaid. The higher the ROE, the more efficiently a company is putting shareholder equity to work.
Return on assets
Return on assets (ROA) is the percentage of overall profit, or net income, a company makes relative to its total assets (which include interest-earning loans, securities, cash, etc.).
Net interest margin
Net interest margin (NIM) is the percentage of interest a bank earns on loans after subtracting the interest it pays on deposits and other sources of capital. NIM tends to move in tandem with interest rates. As interest rates rise, so do bank interest margins since it is able to raise rates on loans higher than the yield it pays on deposits. Conversely, falling rates generally lead to smaller net interest margins.
As a general rule, you shouldn't look at net interest margin as a stand-alone metric but understand a bank's net interest income and expenses -- in particular, how successful a bank is at maintaining low-interest-yield deposit customers during rising-rate environments.
Efficiency ratio
Efficiency ratio measures how much of a bank's revenues go toward covering operating costs. Unlike with the metrics above, where a higher number is better, a lower efficiency ratio is what you want to see. This should lead to higher returns and profitability since lower expenses mean more money left to lend or otherwise invest.
How to assess a bank's risk
How to assess a bank's risk
Banks are incredibly leveraged businesses, lending out 90% or more of the deposits they get from customers. As a result, a bank's ability to perform as an investment is heavily tied to its ability to minimize loan losses, particularly during economic downturns.
Here are two important bank risk metrics:
Nonperforming loan ratio
Nonperforming loans (NPL) are loans that are at least 90 days past due and approaching default. The lower the percentage of bad loans, the better. A NPL ratio above 2% can be cause for concern.
Net charge-offs
A charge-off is a declaration by the bank that money lent out is unlikely to be collected. Generally such a declaration is made about a delinquent debt that has gone more than six months without payment. The net charge-off rate, which is net charge-offs divided by total loans, represents the percentage of total loans unlikely to be paid back. This metric is particularly important to watch for banks with large unsecured debt, such as credit card debt, especially during economic downturns.
P/E Ratio
The P/E ratio, or price-to-earnings ratio, is a metric that compares a company’s net income to its stock price.
Valuing a bank stock
Valuing a bank stock
Price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio is a helpful metric for understanding how expensive a stock is relative to its earnings. But, for bank stocks, the price-to-tangible book value (P/TBV) ratio is also very useful. P/TBV measures how much a bank is trading at relative to assets such as property, cash, and the loans in its portfolio. This is in contrast to the price-to-book (P/B) ratio, which also includes intangible assets such as patents, brand names, and goodwill. The P/TBV metric strips away intangible assets and focuses on the tangible assets that drive a bank's earnings and underpin its value.
A number of factors can affect the earnings and book-value multiple investors are willing to pay for a bank. A good rule of thumb is to focus on the best-quality banks and invest in them when shares trade for a solid discount to their historical valuations. It's also important to compare banks to similar peers since differences in banking services, operating models, and profitability metrics can result in one bank consistently trading for a higher -- or lower -- valuation than dissimilar peers.
Key trend to watch: The rise of fintech
Banks aren't known as beacons of innovation. Their slow processes, high fees, and sometimes questionable lending practices have created an industry ripe for disruption. Fintech (the term is short for financial technology) could do just that. Fintech includes a broad array of applications, many of which banks have already started adopting such as chip-enabled card systems and mobile banking apps. But the real pressure comes from newer, more innovative approaches to how consumers bank: Peer-to-peer (P2P) lending and payments, robo-advisors, and brokers offering cheap stock trades.
Whether fintech will completely overhaul the banking business model is up for debate. What we do know is that fintech firms are forcing banks to either step up their game or risk becoming obsolete.
Dividends
Bank stocks can be solid dividend investments, with the caveat that they're very leveraged and heavily tied to the ups and downs of the economy. As a result, banks can go for years, paying and increasing a steady dividend, only to have the payout wiped out when there's an economic downturn or banking crisis. That's particularly true for the largest banks, which face more stringent regulation. Wells Fargo, for instance, was required to cut its payout more than 80% in 2020 due to concerns about its financial condition.
Owning a few of the top banks as part of a dividend portfolio is likely to prove a sound strategy as long as your holdings are diversified.
Related bank stocks topics
Is now a good time to buy bank stocks?
Is now a good time to buy bank stocks?
Despite the pandemic's effects on the global economy, the massive federal stimulus and a resurgent economy resulted in the banking industry emerging unharmed. Combine the current health of most bank balance sheets with a rising interest rate environment, and most banks -- especially commercial and universal banks with large commercial operations -- are likely to generate very strong earnings results in the years ahead.
As of this writing in May 2022, banks trade for some of the cheapest P/E multiples we have seen in years, which is a product of inflation, skyrocketing housing prices, ongoing supply chain worries, and fears of recession. If those things lead to an economic slowdown, bank stocks will almost surely fall in the short term.
But, looking at the longer term, today's valuations look like incredible price points considering how favorable the long-term trends are for bank stocks. If those valuations are still this low when you read this, then now is absolutely a great time to buy bank stocks.
Wells Fargo is an advertising partner of The Ascent, a Motley Fool company. JPMorgan Chase is an advertising partner of The Ascent, a Motley Fool company. Bank of America is an advertising partner of The Ascent, a Motley Fool company. Citigroup is an advertising partner of The Ascent, a Motley Fool company. Jason Hall has positions in Berkshire Hathaway. The Motley Fool has positions in and recommends Bank of America, Berkshire Hathaway, Goldman Sachs Group, JPMorgan Chase, and U.S. Bancorp. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
