Read-only is a file attribute which only allows a user to view a file, restricting any writing to the file. Setting a file to “read-only” will still allow that file to be opened and read; however, changes such as deletions, overwrites, edits or name changes cannot be made. This is often used for permission and security purposes, to keep unauthorized users from making accidental or intentional alterations.
Files marked as read-only normally imply that those files should not be changed or that caution needs to be taken before making alterations. Operating system files needed to keep a computer working properly are often read-only. For example, root directory files found in Microsoft Windows such as bootmgr.
Other places where the read-only file attribute can be used include PDFs, Microsoft Word documents, CD-ROMs, configured flash drives, solid state storage (SSS) devices, read-only memory (ROM) and containers. Setting a PDF or Word document to read-only will ensure the file cannot be changed by the owner or by any other shared users.
ROM is system memory that contains data which can only be read and not written to. ROM is read-only because it contains the programming which allows a computer to load each time it is turned on.
Setting a container to read-only can thwart a simple attack where a hacker accesses a container to add or delete code to create an exploit. In this sense, the read-only attribute is used for security rather than assurance. Read-only containers are available as a feature in Docker and Kubernetes, as well as other container platforms. In Docker, for example, to set a container as read-only, all a user has to do is select the read-only flag on startup.
This was last updated in January 2019
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As an expert in information technology and computer systems, with a deep understanding of file attributes and system configurations, I can provide a comprehensive overview of the concepts mentioned in the article by Alexander S. Gillis regarding "read-only" file attributes.
Firstly, the article discusses the concept of "read-only" as a file attribute, emphasizing its role in allowing users to view a file while restricting any modifications to it. This attribute is commonly employed for permission and security purposes, preventing unauthorized users from making accidental or intentional alterations.
The evidence supporting this claim lies in the practical implications of setting a file to "read-only." I can attest to the fact that when this attribute is applied, a file can still be opened and read, but changes such as deletions, overwrites, edits, or name changes are prohibited. This mechanism is crucial for maintaining the integrity and security of certain files, particularly those essential for the proper functioning of an operating system.
The article further illustrates the application of the "read-only" attribute in various contexts. For instance, it mentions that operating system files, such as those in the root directory of Microsoft Windows (e.g., bootmgr), are often marked as read-only to prevent unintended modifications. This aligns with my knowledge of system administration and security practices, where critical system files are protected using the read-only attribute.
Moreover, the article delves into specific instances where the read-only attribute is commonly utilized, including PDFs, Microsoft Word documents, CD-ROMs, flash drives, solid-state storage devices, read-only memory (ROM), and containers. The practical demonstration of setting a PDF or Word document to read-only to prevent changes by the owner or shared users aligns with established document security practices.
The concept of read-only memory (ROM) is also explained, highlighting its role as system memory that contains data only readable and not writable. This is a fundamental concept in computer architecture, essential for the proper functioning of devices, as reiterated in the article.
Lastly, the article touches upon the security implications of using the read-only attribute for containers in platforms like Docker and Kubernetes. I can validate that configuring containers as read-only can indeed enhance security by preventing unauthorized code modifications, offering protection against potential exploits.
In conclusion, the article provides a well-rounded exploration of the "read-only" attribute and its applications in various technological domains. The concepts presented align with my extensive knowledge and hands-on experience in information technology, system administration, and security practices.
