What Are Fundamentals?
Fundamentals include the basic qualitative and quantitative information that contributes to the financial or economic well-being of a company, security,or currency, and their subsequent financial valuation. Where qualitative information includes elements that cannot be directly measured, such as management experience, quantitative analysis (QA) uses mathematics and statistics to understand the asset and predict its movements.
Key Takeaways
- Fundamentals provide a method to set the financial value of a company, security,or currency.
- Included in fundamental analysis is basic qualitative and quantitative information that contributes to the asset's financial or economic well-being.
- Macroeconomic fundamentals include topics that affect an economy at large.
- Microeconomic fundamentals focus on the activities within smaller segments of the economy.
- For businesses, information such as profitability, revenue, assets, liabilities, and growth potential are considered fundamentals.
Understanding Fundamentals
In business and economics, fundamentals represent the primary characteristics and financial data necessary to determine the stability and health of an asset. This data can include macroeconomic, or large-scale factors, and microeconomic, or small-scale factors to set a value on securities or businesses.
Analysts and investors examinethese fundamentals to develop an estimate as to whether the underlying asset is considered a worthwhile investment, and if there is fair valuation in the market. For businesses, information such as profitability, revenue, assets, liabilities, and growth potential are considered fundamentals. Through the use of fundamental analysis, you may calculate a company's financial ratios to determine the feasibility of the investment.
While fundamentals are most often considered factors that relate to particular businesses or securities, national economies, and their currencies also have a set of fundamentals that can be analyzed. For example, interest rates, gross domestic product (GDP) growth, trade balance surplus/deficits, and inflation levels are some factors that are considered to be fundamentals of a nation's value.
Macroeconomic and Microeconomic Fundamentals
Macroeconomic fundamentals are topics that affect an economy at large, including statistics regarding unemployment, supply and demand, growth, and inflation, as well as considerations for monetary or fiscal policy and international trade. These categories can be applied to the analysis of a large-scale economy as a whole or can be related to individual business activity to make changes based on macroeconomic influences. Large scale, macroeconomic fundamentals are also part of the top-down analysis of individual companies.
Microeconomic fundamentals focus on the activities within smaller segments of the economy, such as a particular market or sector. This small-scale focus can include issues of supply and demand within the specified segment, labor, and both consumer and firm theories. Consumer theory investigates how people spend within their particular budget restraints. The theory of thefirm states that a business exists and makes decisions to earn profits.
Fundamentals in Business
By looking at the economics of a business, including the overall management and the financial statements, investors are looking at a company's fundamentals. Not only do these data points show the health of the business, but they also indicate the probability of further growth. A company with little debt and sufficientcash is considered to have strong fundamentals.
Strong fundamentals suggest that a business has a viable framework or financial structure. Conversely, those with weak fundamentals may have issues in the areas of debt obligation management, cost control, or overall organizational management. A business with strong fundamentals may be more likely to survive adverseevents, like economic recessions or depressions, than one with weaker fundamentals. Also, strength may indicate less risk should an investor consider purchasing securities associated with the businesses mentioned.
Fundamental Analysis
Investors and financial analysts are interested in evaluating the fundamentals of a company to compare its economic position relative to its industry peers, to the broader market,or to itself over time. Fundamental analysis involves digging deep into a company's financial statements to extract its profit and growth potential, relative riskiness, and to ultimately decide if its shares are over, under,or fairly valued in the market.
Often fundamental analysis involves computing and analyzing ratios to make apples-to-apples comparisons. Some common fundamental analysis ratios are listed below.
- The debt-to-equity ratio (DE) measures how a company is financing its operations.
- The quick ratio measures the company’s ability to meet its short-term obligations.
- The degree of financial leverage (DFL) measures the stability or volatility of the earnings per share (EPS).
- The price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio compares investment to earnings dollars.
- The DuPont analysis looks at return on equity (ROE) by looking at asset use efficiency, operating efficiency, and financial leverage.
Fundamental analysis should be carried out with a holistic approach, utilizing several ratios and including a bottom-up as well as a top-down analysis to come to specific conclusions and actions.
Real-World Example
In the fourth quarter of 2018, large-cap tech companies Microsoft and Apple had similar market caps for the first time since 2010. Although the two companies had similar market caps of about $850 billion, they had very different fundamentals. For example, Microsoft was trading at 45X earnings while Apple was trading at 15X earnings.
Also, while Microsoft’s earnings were predicated on software as a service (SaaS) and software sales, Apple’s were still primarily dependent on hardware sales. Apple’s revenue base is about 2½ times Microsoft’s; the global market for its devices is far more saturated than the global market for Microsoft’s software.
Though both companies had a similar market cap, they had very different fundamentals, which would need to be considered when choosing them as potential investments, particularly in determining future growth prospects.
What's the Difference Between Macroeconoic and Microeconomic Fundamentals?
The main difference relies on the scale of the subjects that the fundamentals are applied to. Macroeconomic fundamentals include the broad trends that have implications for the global economy, seen as a whole, like GDP, inflation, unemployment, growth, and international trade. Microeconomics fundamentals are those factors that affect smaller segments of the economy, such as a particular market, sector, or entity. For example, supply/demand, labor, and price levels within a specific segment.
What's the Difference Between Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis?
Quantitative analysis applies mathematics and statistics and uses hard data and numbers. Qualitative analysis, on the other hand, involves elements that cannot be measured or expressed as a number. It can include features that are subjective and opinions.
What's the Main Benefit of Fundamental Analysis in Business?
Investors can use fundamental analysis to get insights into a company's value, risk, and growth potential, and thus make informed decisions.
The Bottom Line
Fundamentals refer to the qualitative and quantitative information that reflects a company's financial and economic position.
Fundamental analysis refers to the process of looking at the key ratios of a business (revenue, assets, liabilities, etc.) to draw conclusions on its growth potential and how financially healthy and profitable it is.
