The proper asset allocation of stocks and bonds by age is important to achieve financial freedom. If you allocate too much to stocks the year before you want to retire and the stock market collapses, then you're screwed. If you allocate too much to bonds over your career, you might not be able to build enough capital to retire at all.
Just know the proper asset allocation is different for everyone. There is no “correct” asset allocation because everybody has different earnings power, different risk tolerances, and different needs. We are all at different stages of our financial lives. Therefore, know thyself!
Although there might not be a proper asset allocation, there is, however, an optimal asset allocation by age I'd like to share in this post.An optimal asset allocation is where you have greater than a 70% chance of achieving your financial objectives. My recommended asset allocation should be relevant for most financial circ*mstances.
As someone who worked in finance for 13 years, got my MBA, and has written over 2,500 personal finance articles on Financial Samurai since 2009, the topic of asset allocation is one of the most important.
Those who do not have a risk-appropriate asset allocation often lose more than they should. And when you lose too much money, you ultimately lose time, the most valuable asset of all.
Proper Asset Allocation And Risk Tolerance
Your asset allocation between stocks and bonds first depends on your risk tolerance. Are you risk averse, moderate, or risk loving? Are young and full of energy? Or are you old and tired as hell?
I'm personally extremely tired due to raising two kids during a pandemic. Therefore, I'm relatively conservative. Besides, after such a huge run in the stock market, I'd like to keep most of the gains during the next correction.
Your asset allocation also depends on the importance of your specific market portfolio. For example, most would probably treat their 401K or IRA as a vital part of their retirement strategy. For most, these retirement accounts will become their largest investment portfolios.
However, those who have taxable investment accounts, rental properties, and alternative assets may not find their stock and bond portfolio as important.
For example, I have roughly 50% of my net worth in real estate because I prefer owning a hard asset that is less volatile, provides shelter, and produces rental income. I then have roughly 30% of my net worth in equities. Volatility is something I do not like.
Finally, the proper asset allocation of stocks and bonds depends on your overall net worth composition. The smaller your stocks and bonds portfolio as a percentage of your overall net worth, the more aggressive your portfolio can be in stocks.
The Proper Asset Allocation Of Stocks And Bonds Analyzed
I ran my current 401K through Empower to see what they thought about what my proper asset allocation is. You should do the same thing since it's free. To no surprise, the below chart is what they came back with.
I essentially have too much concentration risk in stocks and am underinvested in bonds based on the “conventional” asset allocation model for someone my age. To run the same analysis on Personal Capital, simply click the “Investment Checkup” link under the “Investing” tab.
I am going to provide you with five recommended asset allocation models to fit everyone's investment risk profile: Conventional, New Life, Survival, Nothing To Lose, and Financial Samurai.
We will talk through each model to see whether it fits your present financial situation. The proper asset allocation will switch over time of course.
Before we look into each asset allocation model, we must first look at the historical returns for stocks and bonds. The goal of the charts is to give you basis for how to think about returns from both asset classes.
Stocks have outperformed bonds in the long run as you will see. However, stocks are also much more volatile. Armed with historical knowledge, we can then make logical assumptions about the future.
Historical Return For Stocks
To determine the proper asset allocation, take a look at the historical returns for stocks. Stocks generally return around 10% since 1926. Below is a chart that shows the historical returns per year for the S&P 500.
Notes On Stocks
- The 10-year historical average return for the S&P 500 index is roughly 10%. The 60-year average is also about 10%, even after the 38.5% drubbing in 2008. However, there are forecasts for much lower returns going forward mostly due to high valuations.
- The S&P 500 has been volatile over the past 20 years. The golden age was between 1995-1999.2000-2002 saw three years of double digit declines followed by four years of gains until the economic crisis.
- 2020 was another banner year in the stock market, closing up 18%. 2021 saw the S&P 500 increase by 27%. However, 2022 closed down about 20%.
- The 32% correction and rebound in March 2020 was the fastest in history.
- Your target stock allocation should depend on bond yields
Historical Return For Bonds
The proper asset allocation must take into consideration bond returns. The average return for long-term U.S. government bonds is between 5% – 6%.
Bonds and interest rate performance is inversely correlated. Since July 1, 1981, the 10-year bond yield has essentially been going down thanks to technology, information efficiency, and globalization. As a result, the 10-year bond has performed well during this same time period.
However, 2022 saw the worst year for bonds in history with the aggregate bond market down about 14%. Therefore, know that even bonds aren't always a low-risk investment either. Take a look at the historical bond market returns.
Below is a chart that shows asset class real returns by decade.
Notes On Bonds:
* Bonds have never returned more than 20% in one year. The two times the BarCap US Aggregate index came close was in 1991 and in 1995 when inflation was in the high single digits. Inflation is now around2% and is expected to go higher with so much fiscal stimulus under the Biden administration.
* As of 2023, the 10-year bond yield is hovering at around 4.9%, up from a record-low of 0.51% in August 2020, and down from a high of 4.25% reached on November 7, 2022. As inflation declines, so will the 10-year bond yield.
* Bond funds have decline dramatically since the Fed started aggressively hiking rates in 2022. Long-duration bond funds like TLT are down over 40%, which shows the risk of owning bond funds versus buying individual bonds and holding them to maturity.
Below is another chart from Vanguard that shows the historical returns of a 100% bond portfolio, 20% / 80% stocks / bonds portfolio, and a 30% stocks / 70% bonds portfolio.
See: Historical Returns Of Different Stock And Bond Weightings
Example Of Bonds Outperforming
Take a look at the performance of the Vanguard Long-Term Bond Index Fund (VBLTX) versus the S&P 500 ETF (SPY) since 1999. VBLTX has thoroughly outperformed SPY by an impressive 62%. This chart is obviously pre-pandemic. But it serves to demonstrate the power of bonds when interest rates are declining.
Now of course, not all bond funds are the same. Although VBLTX is considered a reasonable proxy for bonds, other bond funds may not perform as well.
Here is another chart showing the performance of the VBMFX, another Vanguard bond ETF versus VTSMX, a Vanguard S&P 500 ETF. In this scenario, bonds outperformed the stock market from 2001 to about 2013, or 12 years. Since 2013, stocks have outperformed.
Bonds don’t get as much love as stocks because they are considered boring. It’s hard to get rich quick off a bond. But it is possible to see a quick windfall if you pick the right high-flying stock.
Despite the lack of sexiness in bonds, if you’re serious about achieving financial independence or are already financially independent, bonds are an integral part of your portfolio.
Not only do bonds provide solid returns, bonds also offer defensive characteristics when stocks are selling off. Here's a detailed post on how to buy Treasury bonds. When Treasury bonds are yielding over 5%, I find them to be very attractive given the long-term inflation trend is around 2-3%.
Conventional Asset Allocation Model For Stocks And Bonds
The proper asset allocation of stocks and bonds generally follows the conventional model.
The classic recommendation for asset allocation is to subtract your age from 100 to find out how much you should allocate towards stocks. The basic premise is that we become risk averse as we age given we have less of an ability to generate income.
We also don't want to spend our older years working. We are willing to trade lower returns for higher certainty. The following chart demonstrates the conventional asset allocation by age.
Candidates For The Conventional Asset Allocation:
- Believe in conventional wisdom and don't want to overcomplicate things.
- Expect to live to the median age of 78 for men and 82 for women.
- Are not very interested in the stock market, bond market, or economics and would rather have someone manage your money instead.
New Life Asset Allocation Model For Stocks And Bonds
The New Life asset allocation recommendation is to subtract your age by 120 to figure out how much of your portfolio should be allocated towards stocks. Studies show we are living longer due to advancements in science and better awareness about how we should eat.
Given stocks have shown to outperform bonds over the long run, we need a greater allocation towards stocks to take care of our longer lives. Our risk tolerance still decreases as we get older, just at a later stage. While in retirement, ideally, returns are conservative, demonstrate low volatility, and generate steady passive income.
Candidates For The New Life Asset Allocation:
- You plan to live longer than the median age of 79 for men and 82 for women.
- Not that interested in actively managing your own money, but depend on your portfolio to live a comfortable retirement.
- Plan to work until the conventional retirement age of 65, plus or minus 5 years.
- Are a health fanatic who works out regularly and eats in a healthy manner. Sugar is synonymous with poison, while raw is synonymous with utopia.
Survival Asset Allocation Model For Stocks And Bonds
The Survival Asset Allocation model is for those who are risk averse. The 50/50 asset allocation increases the chances your overall portfolio will outperform during a stock market collapse because your bonds will be increasing in value as investors flee towards safety.
Bonds can also rise when stocks rise as you've seen in the historical chart above. During the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, a bond index fund only fell by about 1.5%, while stocks declined by 38%. The worst year ever for bonds was in 1994 when bonds fell 2.9%.
Bonds have performed like a champ during the 2020 recession compared to stocks.
Candidates For Survival Asset Allocation:
- Believe the stock market has a higher chance of underperforming bonds, but are not sure given historical data points to the contrary.
- Are within 10 years of full retirement and do not want to risk losing your nest egg.
- Depend on your portfolio to be there for you in retirement due to a lack of alternative income streams.
- Are very wary of the stock market because of all the volatility, scams, and downturns.
- Are an entrepreneur who needs some financial safety just in case your business goes bust.
Nothing-To-Lose Asset Allocation Model Of Stocks And Bonds
Given stocks have shown to outperform bonds since 1926, the Nothing-To-Lose Asset Allocation model is for those who want to go all-in on stocks. If you have a long enough time horizon, this strategy might suite you well.
Candidates For The Nothing-To-Lose Asset Allocation:
- You are rich and don't count on your stock portfolio to survive now or in retirement.
- Are poor and are willing to risk it all because you don't have much to risk.
- Have tremendous earnings power that will continue to go up for decades.
- Are young or have an investment horizon of at least 20 more years.
- Believe you are smarter than the market and can therefore choose sectors and stocks which will consistently outperform.
Financial Samurai Asset Allocation Model Of Stocks And Bonds
The Financial Samurai model is a hybrid between the Nothing-To-Lose model and the New Life model. I believe stocks will outperform bonds over the long run, but we'll see continued volatility over our lifetimes. I also believe this is the most proper asset allocation if you consistently read my site.
Specifically, I'm preparing for a new normal of between 7% – 8% returns for stocks (from 8-10% historically). I also expect 2%-4% return on bonds from 4-7% historically. In other words, I believe bonds and stocks are expensive and returns will be structurally lower going forward.
Candidates For The Financial Samurai Asset Allocation:
- Have multiple income streams.
- Are a personal finance enthusiast who gets a kick out of reading finance literature and managing your money.
- Not dependent on your 401k or IRA portfoliso in retirement, but would like it to be there as a nice bonus.
- Enjoys studying macroeconomic policy to understand how it may affect your finances.
- Is an early retiree who won't be contributing as much to their portfolios as before.
- Also invests in real estate to diversify and smooth out the volatility of stocks. Real estate is actually my favorite asset class to build wealth because it is easy to understand, is tangible, provides utility, and has a solid income stream.
- Given a Financial Samurai is a real estate investor, real estate acts as a Bond Plus type of investment. In other words, real estate is defensive during a downturn as more capital goes towards real assets. Real estate also tends to do well as more investors buy bonds, resulting in lower interest rates. At the same time, real estate tends to do well during strong economic growth due to rising rents and rising real estate prices.
The Right Asset Allocation Depends On Your Risk-Tolerance
By providing five different asset allocation models, I hope you are able to identify one that fits your needs and risk tolerance. Don't let anybody force you into an uncomfortable situation.
Ideally, your asset allocation should let you sleep well at night and wake up every morning with vigor. When it comes to investing, you need to calculate your existing investment exposureand invest accordingly.
I encourage everyone to take a proactive approach to their retirement portfolios. Ask yourself the following questions to determine which asset allocation model is right for you.
Questions To Ask To Determine A Better Asset Allocation
- What is my risk tolerance on a scale of 0-10?
- If my portfolio dropped 50% in one year, will I be financially OK?
- How stable is my primary income source?
- How many income streams do I have?
- Do I have an X Factor (ways to make alternative income)?
- What is my Money Strength?
- What is my knowledge about stocks and bonds?
- How long is my investment horizon?
- Where do I get my investment advice and what is the quality of such advice?
Once you've answered these questions, sit down with a loved one to discuss whether there is congruency with your answers and how you are currently investing.
Further, it's important to understand the right order of contributions between your tax-advantaged and taxable investments. You want to take full advantage of your tax-advantaged accounts, while also building up your taxable investments as large as possible. The sooner you want to retire early, the larger your taxable investments should be.
It's important not to overestimate your abilities when it comes to investing. We all lose money eventually, it's just a matter of when and how much. Having a proper asset allocation will improve your odds of building wealth in a risk-appropriate manner over the long term.
RecommendationTo Build Wealth
The best ways to build wealth and have the proper asset allocation is to get a handle on your finances by signing up withEmpower. They are afree online platform which aggregates all your financial accounts on their Dashboard so you can see where you can optimize.
Before Empower, I had to log into eight different systems to track 28 different accounts (brokerage, multiple banks, 401K, etc) to track my finances. Now, I can just log into Empower to see how my stock accounts are doing, how my net worth is progressing, and where my spending is going.
TheirInvestment Checkup toolis also great because it graphically shows whether your investment portfolios are property allocated based on your risk profile. The tool allows you to easily determine the proper asset allocation.
Aggregate all your financial accounts in order to get a good over view of your net worth and start building those passive income streams! It only takes a minute to sign up.
Invest In Real Estate To Build Wealth
In addition to investing in stocks and bonds, I'm a big proponent of real estate investing. Real estate is a core asset class that has proven to build long-term wealth for Americans. Real estate is a tangible asset that provides utility and a steady stream of income if you own rental properties.
You can think about real estate as a bonds plus asset class. Real estate acts very much like bonds with its income generating ability and defensive characteristics. However, real estate can often do much better than bonds in a bull market.
My favorite two real estate crowdfunding platforms are:
Fundrise is my favorite private real estate platform. The platform enables all investors to diversify into real estate through private eREITs. Fundrise has been around since 2012 with now over $3.3 billion in assets. For the average investor, investing in a eREIT for real estate exposure and stability is one of the easiest ways to go. I particularly like Fundrise's focus on single-family and multi-family investments in the Sunbelt, where valuations are lower and yields are higher.
CrowdStreet: A way for accredited investors to invest in individual real estate opportunities mostly in 18-hour cities. 18-hour cities are secondary cities with lower valuations, higher rental yields, and potentially higher growth due to job growth and demographic trends. For investors who like to buy individual properties or build their own select real estate fund, CrowdStreet is my favorite choice.
Both platforms are free to sign up and explore.I've personally invested $954,000 in real estate crowdfunding across 18 projects to take advantage of lower valuations in the heartland of America. There is a strong demographic shift towards lower cost areas of the country thanks to technology and the pandemic.
Invest In Private Growth Companies
Finally, consider diversifying into private growth companies through an open venture capital fund. Companies are staying private for longer, as a result, more gains are accruing to private company investors. Finding the next Google or Apple before going public can be a life-changing investment.
Check out theInnovation Fund, which invests in the following five sectors:
- Artificial Intelligence & MachineLearning
- Modern DataInfrastructure
- Development Operations(DevOps)
- Financial Technology(FinTech)
- Real Estate & Property Technology(PropTech)
Roughly 35% of the Innovation Fund is invested inartificial intelligence, which I'm extremely bullish about. In 20 years, I don't want my kids wondering why I didn't invest in AI or work in AI!
The investment minimum is also only $10. Most venture capital funds have a $250,000+ minimum. In addition, you can see what the Innovation Fund is holding before deciding to invest and how much. Traditional venture capital funds require capital commitment first and then hope the general partners will find great investments.
About the Author:
Sam worked in investing banking for 13 years at GS and CS. He received his undergraduate degree in Economics from The College of William & Mary and got his MBA from UC Berkeley. In 2012, Sam was able to retire at the age of 34 largely due to his investments that now generate roughly $350,000 a year in passive income. His favorite investment today is in real estate crowdfunding.
He spends most of his time playing tennis and taking care of his family. Financial Samurai was started in 2009. It is one of the most trusted personal finance sites on the web with over 1.5 million pageviews a month. Pick up a hard copy of my new WSJ bestseller, Buy This, Not That: How To Spend Your Way To Wealth And Freedom. It's the best personal finance book you'll ever read.
