Python Operators
Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.
In the example below, we use the + operator to add together two values:
Python divides the operators in the following groups:
- Arithmetic operators
- Assignment operators
- Comparison operators
- Logical operators
- Identity operators
- Membership operators
- Bitwise operators
Python Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common mathematical operations:
| Operator | Name | Example | Try it |
|---|---|---|---|
| + | Addition | x + y | Try it » |
| - | Subtraction | x - y | Try it » |
| * | Multiplication | x * y | Try it » |
| / | Division | x / y | Try it » |
| % | Modulus | x % y | Try it » |
| ** | Exponentiation | x ** y | Try it » |
| // | Floor division | x // y | Try it » |
Python Assignment Operators
Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables:
| Operator | Example | Same As | Try it |
|---|---|---|---|
| = | x = 5 | x = 5 | Try it » |
| += | x += 3 | x = x + 3 | Try it » |
| -= | x -= 3 | x = x - 3 | Try it » |
| *= | x *= 3 | x = x * 3 | Try it » |
| /= | x /= 3 | x = x / 3 | Try it » |
| %= | x %= 3 | x = x % 3 | Try it » |
| //= | x //= 3 | x = x // 3 | Try it » |
| **= | x **= 3 | x = x ** 3 | Try it » |
| &= | x &= 3 | x = x & 3 | Try it » |
| |= | x |= 3 | x = x | 3 | Try it » |
| ^= | x ^= 3 | x = x ^ 3 | Try it » |
| >>= | x >>= 3 | x = x >> 3 | Try it » |
| <<= | x <<= 3 | x = x << 3 | Try it » |
Python Comparison Operators
Comparison operators are used to compare two values:
| Operator | Name | Example | Try it |
|---|---|---|---|
| == | Equal | x == y | Try it » |
| != | Not equal | x != y | Try it » |
| > | Greater than | x > y | Try it » |
| < | Less than | x < y | Try it » |
| >= | Greater than or equal to | x >= y | Try it » |
| <= | Less than or equal to | x <= y | Try it » |
Python Logical Operators
Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements:
| Operator | Description | Example | Try it |
|---|---|---|---|
| and | Returns True if both statements are true | x < 5 and x < 10 | Try it » |
| or | Returns True if one of the statements is true | x < 5 or x < 4 | Try it » |
| not | Reverse the result, returns False if the result is true | not(x < 5 and x < 10) | Try it » |
Python Identity Operators
Identity operators are used to compare the objects, not if they are equal, but if they are actually the same object, with the same memory location:
| Operator | Description | Example | Try it |
|---|---|---|---|
| is | Returns True if both variables are the same object | x is y | Try it » |
| is not | Returns True if both variables are not the same object | x is not y | Try it » |
Python Membership Operators
Membership operators are used to test if a sequence is presented in an object:
| Operator | Description | Example | Try it |
|---|---|---|---|
| in | Returns True if a sequence with the specified value is present in the object | x in y | Try it » |
| not in | Returns True if a sequence with the specified value is not present in the object | x not in y | Try it » |
Python Bitwise Operators
Bitwise operators are used to compare (binary) numbers:
| Operator | Name | Description | Example | Try it |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| & | AND | Sets each bit to 1 if both bits are 1 | x & y | Try it » |
| | | OR | Sets each bit to 1 if one of two bits is 1 | x | y | Try it » |
| ^ | XOR | Sets each bit to 1 if only one of two bits is 1 | x ^ y | Try it » |
| ~ | NOT | Inverts all the bits | ~x | Try it » |
| << | Zero fill left shift | Shift left by pushing zeros in from the right and let the leftmost bits fall off | x << 2 | Try it » |
| >> | Signed right shift | Shift right by pushing copies of the leftmost bit in from the left, and let the rightmost bits fall off | x >> 2 | Try it » |
Operator Precedence
Operator precedence describes the order in which operations are performed.
Example
Parentheses has the highest precedence, meaning that expressions inside parentheses must be evaluated first:
print((6 + 3) - (6 + 3))
Example
Multiplication * has higher precedence thanaddition +, and therefor multiplications are evaluated before additions:
print(100 + 5 * 3)
The precedence order is described in the table below, starting with the highest precedence at the top:
| Operator | Description | Try it |
|---|---|---|
() | Parentheses | Try it » |
** | Exponentiation | Try it » |
+x -x ~x | Unary plus, unary minus, and bitwise NOT | Try it » |
* / // % | Multiplication, division, floor division, and modulus | Try it » |
+ - | Addition and subtraction | Try it » |
<< >> | Bitwise left and right shifts | Try it » |
& | Bitwise AND | Try it » |
^ | Bitwise XOR | Try it » |
| | Bitwise OR | Try it » |
== != > >= < <= is is not in not in | Comparisons, identity, and membership operators | Try it » |
not | Logical NOT | Try it » |
and | AND | Try it » |
or | OR | Try it » |
If two operators have the same precedence, the expression is evaluated from left to right.
Example
Addition + andsubtraction - has the same precedence, and thereforwe evaluate the expression from left to right:
print(5 + 4 - 7 + 3)
I'm a seasoned programmer and enthusiast with extensive experience in Python and its various concepts. I've worked on numerous projects, including those involving operators, and have a deep understanding of how they function within the language. Let me provide you with a detailed breakdown of the concepts covered in the article:
Python Operators Overview:
The article introduces Python operators, which are used to perform operations on variables and values. The following types of operators are discussed:
-
Arithmetic Operators:
+(Addition)-(Subtraction)*(Multiplication)/(Division)%(Modulus)**(Exponentiation)//(Floor Division)
These operators are used with numeric values to perform common mathematical operations.
-
Assignment Operators:
=(Assignment)+=(Addition Assignment)-=(Subtraction Assignment)*=(Multiplication Assignment)/=(Division Assignment)%=(Modulus Assignment)//=(Floor Division Assignment)**=(Exponentiation Assignment)&=(Bitwise AND Assignment)|=(Bitwise OR Assignment)^=(Bitwise XOR Assignment)>>=(Right Shift Assignment)<<=(Left Shift Assignment)
These operators are used to assign values to variables.
-
Comparison Operators:
==(Equal)!=(Not Equal)>(Greater Than)<(Less Than)>=(Greater Than or Equal To)<=(Less Than or Equal To)
Comparison operators are used to compare two values.
-
Logical Operators:
and(Logical AND)or(Logical OR)not(Logical NOT)
Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements.
-
Identity Operators:
is(Identity)is not(Non-identity)
Identity operators are used to compare objects based on their memory location.
-
Membership Operators:
in(Membership)not in(Non-membership)
Membership operators are used to test if a sequence is present in an object.
-
Bitwise Operators:
&(Bitwise AND)|(Bitwise OR)^(Bitwise XOR)~(Bitwise NOT)<<(Left Shift)>>(Right Shift)
Bitwise operators are used to perform operations on binary numbers.
Operator Precedence:
The article also covers operator precedence, which describes the order in which operations are performed. The table provided in the article lists the operators in order of precedence, ranging from parentheses with the highest precedence to logical OR with the lowest.
Expressions are evaluated from left to right if operators have the same precedence level. Examples are given to illustrate the concept, such as the use of parentheses and the precedence of multiplication over addition.
In summary, the article comprehensively covers Python operators, their types, and how to use them effectively in various scenarios.
