Investing — Page 2 — My Money Blog (2024)

January 30, 2024 By Jonathan Ping 33 Comments

Updated January 2024. As the brokerage 1099 forms for 2023 are coming out, here is a quick reminder for those in states with local income taxes. If you earned interest from a money market fund, a significant portion of this interest may have come from US Treasury bills and bonds, which are generally exempt from state and local income taxes. However, in order to claim this exemption, you’ll have to manually enter it on your tax return after digging up a few extra details.

(Note: California, Connecticut, and New York exempt dividend income only when the mutual fund has met certain minimum investments in U.S. government securities. They require that 50% of a mutual fund’s assets at each quarter-end within the tax year consist of U.S. government obligations.)

Let’s take the default cash sweep option for Vanguard brokerage accounts, the Vanguard Federal Money Market Fund (VMFXX), which has an SEC yield of 5.29% as of 1/29/24. Vanguard has recently released the U.S. government obligations income information for 2023 [pdf] for all their funds, which states:

This tax update provides information to help you properly report your state and local tax liability on ordinary income distributions you received from your mutual fund investments in 2023. On the next pages, you’ll find a list of Vanguard funds that earned a portion of their ordinary dividends from obligations of the U.S. government. Direct U.S. government obligations and certain U.S. government agency obligations are generally exempt from taxation in most states.*

To find the portion of Vanguard dividends that may be exempt from your state income tax, multiply the amount of “ordinary dividends” reported in Box 1a of your Form 1099-DIV by the percentage listed in the PDF. Note that on the IRS Form 1099-INT, there is a special Line 3 that includes “Interest on US Savings Bonds & Treasury obligations”. However, for the Vanguard funds, they report on 1099-DIV and not 1099-INT. My Vanguard 1099-INT was all zeros.

For the Vanguard Federal Money Market Fund, this percentage was 49.37% in 2023. Therefore, if you earned $1,000 in total interest from VMFXX in 2023, then $493.70 could possibly be exempt from state and local income taxes. If your marginal state income tax rate was 10% that would be a ~$50 tax savings for every $1,000 in total interest earned. This could apply to certain residents with enough income in states like Oregon, Hawaii, or Minnesota but not California, Connecticut, and New York due to their unique restrictions mentioned earlier.

However, the Vanguard Treasury Money Market Fund (VUSXX) does meet the threshold requirements for California, Connecticut, and New York as it had a GOI percentage of 80.06% in 2023. If your marginal state income tax rate was 10% that would be a ~$80 tax savings for every $1,000 in total interest earned. With a SEC yield of 5.30% as of 1/29/24, this is why many people chose to manually buy VUSXX instead of the default settlement fund as it can earn you a higher after-tax interest rate.

The following Vanguard funds and ETF equivalents have 100% of their interest from US government obligations:

• Short-Term Treasury Index Fund (VGSH, VSBSX)
• Intermediate-Term Treasury Index Fund (VGIT, VSIGX)
• Long-Term Treasury Index Fund (VGLT, VLGSX)
• Extended Duration Treasury Index Fund (EDV)
• Short-Term Inflation-Protected Securities
  Index Fund (VTIP, VTAPX)
• Inflation-Protected Securities Fund (VIPSX, VAIPX)

Note that several other Vanguard funds have a lower but nonzero percentage of dividends from US government obligations, including the popular Vanguard Target Retirement Income funds. It may be worth a closer look.

I don’t believe that TurboTax, H&R Block, and other tax software will do this automatically for you, as they won’t have the required information on their own. (I’m also not sure if they ask about it in their interview process.) If you use an accountant, you should also double-check to make sure they use this information. Here is some information on how to enter this into TurboTax:

• When you are entering the 1099-DIV Box 1a, 1b, and 2a – click the “My form has info in other boxes (this is uncommon)” checkbox.
• Next, click on the option “A portion of these dividends is U.S. Government interest.”
• On the next screen enter the Government interest amount. This will be subtracted from your state return.

Here are some links to find the percentage of ordinary dividends that come from obligations of the U.S. government. You should be able to find this data for any mutual fund or ETF by searching for something like “[fund company] us government obligations 2023”]. If you do not see the fund listed within the fund company, it may be assumed to be 0%.

• Vanguard
• Fidelity
• Schwab
• Blackrock
• iShares
• American Century

Standard disclosure: Check with your state or local tax office or with your tax advisor to determine whether your state allows you to exclude some or all of the income you earn from mutual funds that invest in U.S. government obligations.

[Image credit – Tax Foundation]

Filed Under: Banking, Investing, Taxes

January 29, 2024 By Jonathan Ping 3 Comments

The film Tune Out the Noise is a documentary by Academy Award–winning director Errol Morris about the rise of academic finance, the computer analysis of market data, index funds, and the founding of Dimensional Fund Advisors (DFA). It appears that DFA commissioned this film, so it obviously will support their specific type of investing, but it should also explain the reasoning behind low-cost index funds and why high-expense active funds have been steadily losing market share over time.

Until 1/31, you can watch the film for free at film.dimensional.com/podcast with access code RATIONAL. They ask for name and e-mail, but don’t verify. This is offered through the Rational Reminder podcast, and you may also find interesting their interview with Errol Morris.

I learned about this through Paul Merriman’s newsletter:

Trust in the future of an investment may be the most important reason for most investors to stay the course for the long term. I formed a lasting trust in the academic work of Drs. Fama and French when I attended a 3 day workshop at Dimensional Fund Advisors in 1994.

That trust led our firm to use the DFA funds since the mid 90s. While I believe there are a lot of people who find our long term studies helpful, I’m not sure that all of those people understand that almost all of our studies, that go back to 1928, are based on the data from the academics who are associated with DFA. If you don’t already have a sense of trust about the source of our data, I think you will feel better if you watch the new documentary, “Turn Off the Noise.”

Here is a summary blurb about the film:

Tune Out the Noise is a documentary film about a group of unlikely upstarts who crossed paths at the University of Chicago in the middle of the 20th century, just as computers were first being used to analyze data. That serendipitous, monumental shift enabled them to develop, and then apply, research that turned Wall Street upside down, from its ineffectual investing methods to how those were sold to the public.

It’s a story about how finance became a science and challenged the traditional methods of investing. That, in turn, led to the invention of index funds, the founding of Dimensional Fund Advisors—an investment firm dedicated to implementing the science—and the evolution of client-focused financial advice. These advances have benefited generations of investors.

I am currently in the middle of watching the film (trying to finish before the free access ends), and it does have a very nice production quality while showing the backstory of many famous financial academics. It’s kind of nice to put a face with the names. I personally only invest a small portion of my portfolio into DFA and DFA-style funds (Avantis was started by former DFA executives), but I will watch the rest with an open mind and hope to learn some useful history.

Added after finishing the entire film: The film goes from the basic discoveries of efficient markets, the value of diversification, and the idea that a low-cost broad fund outperformed nearly all big investment trusts back then. It’s important to know that DFA takes the academic “backtesting” further than Vanguard. I enjoyed the history of CRSP and how all these data nerds got together. They did pretty much gloss over Vanguard with “Wells Fargo just handed the retail index fund concept to Bogle on a FREE silver platter”.

Vanguard is more about the big stuff. Diversification from holding the entire market and thousands of stocks, not just 100 or less. Lower expense ratio costs. Lower trading costs. Lower costs from not attempting and failing at market timing or chasing recent performance. But it’s all an algorithm of some sort, based on looking back at the historical data. The S&P 500 is an algorithm, just a simpler one that works well at a 0.05% expense ratio.

DFA is a more actively managed algorithm, but still keeps the broad diversification and lower expenses (they are still lowest quartile in expenses). They also focus on the Fama/French academically-found factors like size, value, quality. Again, historically small value stocks have outperformed on average for long periods of time. Will they keep doing so? I don’t know.

Is the DFA method better? Is the the DFA higher-return possibility worth more than the higher expenses they charge? In the past, you could only go through a financial advisor, which added yet another layer of fees, so my answer was an easier “no”. But DFA and Avantis have finally released ETFs which anyone can buy, and I have as a bet on about 10% of my portfolio (the part that bets on size and value anyway). I don’t bet the whole farm on it. I think lower costs and market-cap weighting are much more reliable. But if you want to know why, the film gives you an idea. Is it a commercial for DFA? Sure. But a documentary about index funds would also serve as a commercial for Vanguard, no?

Filed Under: , Investing

January 26, 2024 By Jonathan Ping Leave a Comment

Another year, another batch of bold predictions that are always based on recent past performance. The most common one this year is “Why not just own 100% US stocks? Why bother with international stocks? Why even bother with bonds?” Humility may not get you a lot of social media followers, but it’s a better long-term bet at making and keeping you wealthy.

Callan Associates updates a “periodic table” annually with the relative performance of 8 major asset classes over the last 20 years. You can find the most recent one at their website Callan.com. The best performing asset class is listed at the top, and it sorts downward until you have the worst performing asset. Above is the most recent snapshot of 2004-2023 (click to enlarge). I find it easiest to focus on a specific Asset Class (Color) and then visually noting how its relative performance bounces around.

The Callan Periodic Table of Investment Returns conveys the strong case for diversification across asset classes (stocks vs. bonds), capitalizations (large vs. small), and equity markets (U.S. vs. global ex-U.S.). The Table highlights the uncertainty inherent in all capital markets. Rankings change every year. Also noteworthy is the difference between absolute and relative performance, as returns for the top-performing asset class span a wide range over the past 20 years.

The best you can do is to identify assets that are a good long-term investment, with the acceptance that the short-term ride will be unpredictable and it won’t be at the top every single year. On the other hand, many of the recent losers will eventually come back. Look at the orange squares – Emerging Markets had some crazy-awesome years in the past, and everyone wanted to own them. These days, you rarely hear anything.

Filed Under: Investing

January 25, 2024 By Jonathan Ping 14 Comments

Robinhood Gold subscribers have the standard feature of a 3% match on all eligible annual IRA contributions. However, this bonus is somewhat limited as the annual IRA contribution limits are relatively low. 3% of $6,000 is $180, but Gold costs $60 a year. The primary benefit of Robinhood Gold is 5% interest on your cash sweep (otherwise it is only 1.5%). Here is their IRA match FAQ.

For a limited-time, Robinhood Gold has improved the offer to include a 3% match on IRA transfers and 401k/403b/457 account rollovers between January 17, 2024 and April 30, 2024, with no limit on the amount of match earned. You should open or have an open Traditional or Roth IRA (even if empty) with Robinhood and then transfer into the proper IRA container (pre-tax or Roth).

For folks with big IRAs or 401ks, this can be very significant bonus. A $100,000 IRA or 401k rollover would get you $3,000. $35,000 would get you over $1,000. $350,000 would get you over $10,000. Now that $60 a year for Robinhood Gold doesn’t seem as much of a hurdle!

The catch? You must keep the funds in your Robinhood IRA for at least 5 years to keep the match, and be a Robinhood Gold subscriber for 1 year after the first deposit that earns the 3% match. Details on the 3% limited-time offer here.

I’m certainly considering this offer, as I don’t think I’ve ever seen a bonus this large offered on a 401k rollover. However, I also think of Robinhood as amongst the “leanest” in customer service. I’ve done several ACAT transfers before, and they can spend a certain amount of time in “limbo” where your stocks have been taken out of the origination account, and hasn’t quite shown up in the destination account. It can be a bit nerve-wracking and I wouldn’t want to deal with Robinhood if something was lost in transit.

How long does it take for IRA transfers and 401(k) rollovers to complete?
For IRA transfers, after we receive an account transfer request, it typically takes 5-7 business days for the transfer to be completed in your Robinhood account. Check out Transfers and rollovers for more info. For 401(k) rollovers, this process can typically take 2-4 weeks for deposits to complete.

When will I get the match?
We’ll deposit your earned match after the eligible contributions settle in your account. For transfers, you’ll get the match as soon as they settle. For rollovers, you’ll get the match upon settlement, which is typically within 5-7 business days of receipt.

Along those same lines, I’m also not sure I want to keep my IRA there for 5 years. Most other brokerage transfer offers don’t have such a long hold time requirement.

Either way, I hope the idea of paying for IRA transfers catches on with some other brokers. Brokers fighting for assets works out especially well if you are a buy-and-hold investor. Robinhood says that transfers and rollovers will still earn a 1% match after 4/30/24. That’s actually still pretty good historically.

Filed Under: , Investing

January 22, 2024 By Jonathan Ping 1 Comment

Instead of only looking at year-to-date or last year’s return numbers that are often quoted in the media, I always try to also take a longer-term perspective (especially on down years) by looking back over a longer period. How would a steady investor have done over the last decade?

Target date funds. The Vanguard Target Retirement 2045 Fund is an all-in-one fund that is low-cost, globally-diversified, and available both inside many employer retirement plans and to anyone that funds an IRA. It currently holds over $75 billion in assets. When you are younger (up until age 40 for those retiring at 65), this fund holds 90% stocks and 10% bonds. It is a solid default choice in a world of mediocre, overpriced options. This is also a good benchmark for others that use low-cost index funds.

The power of consistent, tax-advantaged investing. For the last decade, the maximum allowable annual contribution to a Traditional or Roth IRA has been roughly $5,000 per person. The maximum allowable annual contribution for a 401k, 403b, or TSP plan has been over $10,000 per person. If you have a household income of $67,000, then $10,000 is right at the 15% savings rate mark. Therefore, I’m going to use $10,000 as a benchmark amount. This round number also makes it easy to multiply the results as needed to match your own situation. Save $5,000 a year? Halve the result. Save $20,000 a year? Double the numbers, and so on.

The real-world payoff from a decade of saving $833 a month. What would have happened if you put $10,000 a year into the Vanguard Target Retirement 2045 Fund, every year, for the past 10 years? With the interactive tools at Morningstar and a Google spreadsheet, we get this:

Investing $10,000 every year ($833 a month, or $384 per bi-weekly paycheck) for the last decade would have resulted in a total balance of approximately $159,000. That’s $100,000 in steady contributions and $59,000 in investment gains.

Early + Steady is better. There is a popular example of the power of compound interest that shows how someone who started saving at age 25, saves and invests for 10 years but then stops and never saves a penny again still beats someone who starts saving at 35 and keeps on saving for 30 years. Acorns provides a nice illustration:

Early + Steady + Longer is even better. The “Rule of 72” shows us that with just 7.2% annual returns, your money will double every decade from now on. After another 10 years, every $100k will be $200k. After another 10 years, that $200k will be $400k. Once you have that initial momentum, it just keeps going.

Now throw in half of your annual salary increases, and you’ll be honestly surprised at what it grows to after 20 years.

Here are my previous “Saving for a decade” posts:

• 2023 Edition (January 2013 to December 2022)
• 2022 Edition (January 2012 to December 2021)
• 2021 Edition (January 2011 to December 2020)
• 2020 Edition (January 2010 to December 2019)
• 2019 Edition (January 2009 to December 2018)
• 2018 Edition (January 2008 to December 2017)
• 2017 Edition (January 2007 to December 2016)

Bottom line. Over time, with consistency and starting early, the yearly investment return swings smooth out. You can truly build serious wealth with something as accessible and boring as automated investments in a IRA/401k plan buying a Vanguard Target Retirement fund (or a simple collection of low-cost index funds).

Filed Under: Inspirational, Investing, Retirement

January 10, 2024 By Jonathan Ping 52 Comments

Updated with M1 Plus price drop and lots of promos. $100 referral and 401k rollover bonus. I’ve tried out my share of robo-advisors, which always sounded nice in theory but I eventually became disillusioned as they kept generating lot of unnecessary taxes every time they change their model portfolios to chase the latest and hottest trends. My favorite service for those that want a little extra help is one where I can pick my own custom target portfolio, but the robo still does the hard work: M1 Finance. Here’s a quick rundown of what makes them different:

• Fully customizable. You pick your own target asset allocation “pie”. (You can add ETFs or individual stocks.) You can simply copy one of the many model portfolios out there, or make your own custom pie as you like. You have full control! M1 handles the tedious stuff, like rebalancing or dividing a $100 contribution across 8 different ETFs.
• No commissions. Free stock/ETF trades with a low $100 initial minimum for taxable accounts and a $500 minimum opening amount for retirement accounts. After your initial deposit any amount greater than $10 can be deposited.
• 0.00% management fee! Most robo-advisors charge an annual management fee of 0.25% to 0.50% of assets, or force you to own something bad, like a lot of low-interest cash. (Looking at you, Schwab…)
• Free dynamic rebalancing. All new deposits (and withdrawals) will be invested (or sold) dynamically to bring your portfolio back toward your target asset allocation. M1 will also rebalance your entire portfolio back to the target allocation for you with a few clicks (for free) whenever you choose, on demand. You don’t need to do any math or maintain any spreadsheets.
• Fractional shares (dollar-based). For example, you can just set it to automatically invest $100 a month, and your full amount will be spread across multiple ETFs. Dollar-based transactions were one of the advantages of buying a mutual fund, but fractional shares solve this problem. ETFs are also usually more tax-efficient than mutual funds.
• Real brokerage account with off-the-shelf investments that you can move out. Some robo-advisors hold special, proprietary funds that you have to sell if you ever leave, possibly creating a big tax bill. (Looking at you, Fidelity…) M1 is built on a regular brokerage account, so you can move your Vanguard/iShares/Schwab ETFs and stock shares out to another broker whenever you want.

M1 Finance checks off nearly all the boxes of my brokerage wish list. I suppose the only thing they could add would be to have the high availability of knowledgeable customer service of a huge company like Fidelity or Schwab. Otherwise, I really like their feature set and I have been putting my recent annual IRA contributions into M1.

If you want to invest in newer factor ETFs that focus on Small-Cap, Value, Momentum, or Quality factors like those from DFA and Avantis, or a mix of dividend-oriented ETFs like SCHD/VIG/VYM, their service makes it much easier to set up a portfolio mix of different ETFs.

M1 Plus. M1 Plus is their premium subscription tier with several additional perks, and the price has dropped to $3 a month ($36/year). This is a significant drop from their old pricing of $10/month or $95/year.

• High-yield savings (currently 5.00% APY as of 1/10/24). FDIC-insured up to $5 million.
• M1 Owner’s Rewards credit card (2.5%, 5%, or 10% cash back at 70+ brands, no annual fee).
• Lower interest rates on margin borrowing (1.5% rate discount).
• Custodial accounts for kids.
• Extra 3pm PM ET trade window.
• Automated “smart” transfers.

Personally, there is no “gotta have” item here for my purposes, so I don’t have M1 plus on my accounts, but the high-yield savings account is nice if you want to keep your life simple and you hold a decent amount of cash. The pricing is also more reasonable now.

$100 referral bonus. M1 has a $100 referral bonus if you open a new account with $10,000 and maintain it for 30 days. You’ll also get 6 months free of their M1 Plus premium service. Here are the referral bonus details. Here is my M1 referral link (thanks if you use it!) from which you must start opening your new account.

A bonus that amounts to 1% of your initial deposit with only a 30 day hold is technically a 12% annualized yield. This is also better than their standard offer for a $10,000 new deposit (see below), and you can also consider the ACAT transfer and retirement rollover promos below.

Up to $500 New User deposit bonus. Deposit $10,000 or more within two weeks of opening your new M1 Brokerage Account and get a cash bonus of $75 – $500 deposited to that account. See deposit bonus promotion link for full details.

Up to $20,000 ACAT Transfer bonus. You can get up to $20,000 when you
transfer brokerage assets via ACAT to M1 by 3/31/2024. See ACAT transer promotion link for full details.

Up to $5,000 Retirement Rollover bonus. You can get up to $5,000 when you
roll over your 401(k), 403(b) or another employer-sponsored retirement plan in an M1 Traditional/Roth IRA account by 3/31/2024. See this Retirement rollover promotion link for full details.

Bottom line. M1 Finance is a brokerage account that acts like a free, customizable robo-advisor with automatic rebalancing into a target portfolio. You control the model portfolio, and they do the tedious work. Great for implementation of a low-cost, index or passive ETF portfolio.

Disclosure: I am now an affiliate of M1 Finance, and may be compensated if you click through my link and open a new account.

Also see: Big List of Free Stocks For New Commission-Free Brokerage Apps

Filed Under: , Investing

January 9, 2024 By Jonathan Ping 10 Comments

If you’re leaving your cash in a checking account at most major banks, you’re probably earning zero interest. With an online application, you could earn a lot more money while keeping the same level of safety by moving to another FDIC-insured bank or NCUA-insured credit union.

Here’s my monthly roundup of the best interest rates on cash as of January 2024, roughly sorted from shortest to longest maturities. There are often lesser-known opportunities available to individual investors. Check out my Ultimate Rate-Chaser Calculator to see how much extra interest you could earn from switching. Rates listed are available to everyone nationwide. Rates checked as of 1/8/2024.

TL;DR: Rates are dropping at longer maturities, in expectation of future Fed rate drops. Still 5%+ savings accounts, but no more 5-year CDs at 5% APY. Compare against Treasury bills and bonds at every maturity, taking into account state tax exemption.

Fintech accounts
Available only to individual investors, fintech companies often pay higher-than-market rates in order to achieve fast short-term growth (often using venture capital). “Fintech” is usually a software layer on top of a partner bank’s FDIC insurance.

• 5.32% APY ($1 minimum). Raisin lets you switch between different FDIC-insured banks and NCUA-insured credit unions easily without opening a new account every time, and their liquid savings rates currently top out at 5.32% APY. See my Raisin review for details. Raisin does not charge depositors a fee for the service.
• 5.36% APY (before fees). MaxMyInterest is another service that allows you to access and switch between different FDIC-insured banks. You can view their current banks and APYs here. As of 12/6/23, the highest rate is from Customers Bank at 5.36% APY. However, note that they charge a membership fee of 0.04% per quarter, or 0.16% per year (subject to $20 minimum per quarter, or $80 per year). That means if you have a $10,000 balance, then $80 a year = 0.80% per year. This service is meant for those with larger balances. You are allowed to cancel the service and keep the bank accounts, but then you may lose their specially-negotiated rates and cannot switch between banks anymore.

High-yield savings accounts
Since the huge megabanks STILL pay essentially no interest, everyone should have a separate, no-fee online savings account to piggy-back onto your existing checking account. The interest rates on savings accounts can drop at any time, so I list the top rates as well as competitive rates from banks with a history of competitive rates and solid user experience. Some banks will bait you with a temporary top rate and then lower the rates in the hopes that you are too lazy to leave.

• The top rate at the moment is at Milli (app only) at 5.50% APY. BrioDirect at 5.35% APY. CIT Platinum Savings at 5.05% APY with $5,000+ balance.
• SoFi Bank is now up to 4.60% APY + up to $325 new account bonus with direct deposit. You must maintain a direct deposit of any amount each month for the higher APY. SoFi has historically competitive rates and full banking features. See details at $25 + $300 SoFi Money new account and deposit bonus.
• Here is a limited survey of high-yield savings accounts that aren’t the highest current rate, but historically have kept it relatively competitive.

Short-term guaranteed rates (1 year and under)
A common question is what to do with a big pile of cash that you’re waiting to deploy shortly (plan to buy a house soon, just sold your house, just sold your business, legal settlement, inheritance). My usual advice is to keep things simple and take your time. If not a savings account, then put it in a flexible short-term CD under the FDIC limits until you have a plan.

• No Penalty CDs offer a fixed interest rate that can never go down, but you can still take out your money (once) without any fees if you want to use it elsewhere. Raisin has a 5-month No Penalty CD at 5.40% APY with $1 minimum deposit and 30-day minimum hold time. CIT Bank has a 11-month No Penalty CD at 4.90% APY with a $1,000 minimum deposit. Ally Bank has a 11-month No Penalty CD at 4.55% APY for all balance tiers. Marcus has a 13-month No Penalty CD at 4.70% APY with a $500 minimum deposit. Consider opening multiple CDs in smaller increments for more flexibility.
• CIBC Agility Online has a 12-month CD at 5.51% APY. Reasonable 30-day penalty if you withdraw your CD funds before maturity.

Money market mutual funds + Ultra-short bond ETFs*
Many brokerage firms that pay out very little interest on their default cash sweep funds (and keep the difference for themselves). * Money market mutual funds are regulated, but ultimately not FDIC-insured, so I would still stick with highly reputable firms. I am including a few ultra-short bond ETFs as they may be your best cash alternative in a brokerage account, but they may experience losses.

• Vanguard Federal Money Market Fund is the default sweep option for Vanguard brokerage accounts, which has an SEC yield of 5.29% (changes daily, but also works out to a compound yield of 5.42%, which is better for comparing against APY). Odds are this is much higher than your own broker’s default cash sweep interest rate.
• The PIMCO Enhanced Short Maturity Active Bond ETF (MINT) has a 5.49% SEC yield and the iShares Short Maturity Bond ETF (NEAR) has a 5.30% SEC yield while holding a portfolio of investment-grade bonds with an average duration of ~6 months.

Treasury Bills and Ultra-short Treasury ETFs
Another option is to buy individual Treasury bills which come in a variety of maturities from 4-weeks to 52-weeks and are fully backed by the US government. You can also invest in ETFs that hold a rotating basket of short-term Treasury Bills for you, while charging a small management fee for doing so. T-bill interest is exempt from state and local income taxes, which can make a significant difference in your effective yield.

• You can build your own T-Bill ladder at TreasuryDirect.gov or via a brokerage account with a bond desk like Vanguard and Fidelity. Here are the current Treasury Bill rates. As of 1/8/24, a new 4-week T-Bill had the equivalent of 5.39% annualized interest and a 52-week T-Bill had the equivalent of 4.83% annualized interest.
• The iShares 0-3 Month Treasury Bond ETF (SGOV) has a 5.45% SEC yield and effective duration of 0.10 years. SPDR Bloomberg Barclays 1-3 Month T-Bill ETF (BIL) has a 5.21% SEC yield and effective duration of 0.08 years.

US Savings Bonds
Series I Savings Bonds offer rates that are linked to inflation and backed by the US government. You must hold them for at least a year. If you redeem them within 5 years there is a penalty of the last 3 months of interest. The annual purchase limit for electronic I bonds is $10,000 per Social Security Number, available online at TreasuryDirect.gov. You can also buy an additional $5,000 in paper I bonds using your tax refund with IRS Form 8888.

• “I Bonds” bought between November 2023 and April 2024 will earn a 5.27% rate for the first six months. The rate of the subsequent 6-month period will be based on inflation again. More on Savings Bonds here.
• In mid-April 2023, the CPI will be announced and you will have a short period where you will have a very close estimate of the rate for the next 12 months. I will have another post up at that time.

Rewards checking accounts
These unique checking accounts pay above-average interest rates, but with unique risks. You have to jump through certain hoops which usually involve 10+ debit card purchases each cycle, a certain number of ACH/direct deposits, and/or a certain number of logins per month. If you make a mistake (or they judge that you did) you risk earning zero interest for that month. Some folks don’t mind the extra work and attention required, while others would rather not bother. Rates can also drop suddenly, leaving a “bait-and-switch” feeling.

• OnPath Federal Credit Union pays 7.00% APY on up to $10,000 if you make 15 debit card purchases, opt into online statements, and login to online or mobile banking once per statement cycle. Anyone can join this credit union via $5 membership fee to join partner organization. You can also get a $100 Visa Reward card when you open a new account and make qualifying transactions.
• Credit Union of New Jersey pays 6.00% APY on up to $25,000 if you make 15 debit card purchases, opt into online statements, and make at least 1 direct deposit, online bill payment, or automatic payment (ACH) per statement cycle. Anyone can join this credit union via $5 membership fee to join partner organization.
• Pelican State Credit Union pays 6.05% APY on up to $20,000 if you make 15 debit card purchases, opt into online statements, log into your account at least once, and make at least 1 direct deposit, online bill payment, or automatic payment (ACH) per statement cycle. Anyone can join this credit union via partner organization membership.
• Orion Federal Credit Union pays 6.00% APY on up to $10,000 if you make electronic deposits of $500+ each month (ACH transfers count) and spend $500+ on your Orion debit or credit card each month. Anyone can join this credit union via $10 membership fee to partner organization membership.
• All America/Redneck Bank pays 5.30% APY on up to $15,000 if you make 10 debit card purchases each monthly cycle with online statements.
• Find a locally-restricted rewards checking account at DepositAccounts.

Certificates of deposit (greater than 1 year)
CDs offer higher rates, but come with an early withdrawal penalty. By finding a bank CD with a reasonable early withdrawal penalty, you can enjoy higher rates but maintain access in a true emergency. Alternatively, consider building a CD ladder of different maturity lengths (ex. 1/2/3/4/5-years) such that you have access to part of the ladder each year, but your blended interest rate is higher than a savings account. When one CD matures, use that money to buy another 5-year CD to keep the ladder going. Some CDs also offer “add-ons” where you can deposit more funds if rates drop.

• United States Senate Credit Union has a 60-month CD at 4.86% APY with $1,000 minimum. Jumbo CDs have slightly higher rates ($100k+, $200k+). The early withdrawal penalty is 360 days of interest. Anyone can join this credit union via partner organization.
• BMO Alto has a 5-year CD at 4.60% APY. 4-year at 4.60% APY. 3-year at 4.60% APY. 2-year at 4.75% APY. 1-year at 5.50% APY. No minimum. The early withdrawal penalty (EWP) for CD maturities of 1 year or more is 180 days of interest. For CD maturities of 11 months or less, the EWP is 90 days of interest. Note that they reserve the right to prohibit early withdrawals entirely. Online-only subsidiary of BMO Bank.
• You can buy certificates of deposit via the bond desks of Vanguard and Fidelity. You may need an account to see the rates. These “brokered CDs” offer FDIC insurance and easy laddering, but they don’t come with predictable early withdrawal penalties. Right now, I see a 5-year non-callable CD at 4.05% APY (callable: no, call protection: yes). Be warned that now both Vanguard and Fidelity will list higher rates from callable CDs, which importantly means they can call back your CD if rates drop later.

Longer-term Instruments
I’d use these with caution due to increased interest rate risk, but I still track them to see the rest of the current yield curve.

• Willing to lock up your money for 10 years? You can buy long-term certificates of deposit via the bond desks of Vanguard and Fidelity. These “brokered CDs” offer FDIC insurance, but they don’t come with predictable early withdrawal penalties. You might find something that pays more than your other brokerage cash and Treasury options. Right now, I see a 10-year CDs at 3.8% (callable: no, call protection: yes) vs. 4.01% for a 10-year Treasury. Watch out for higher rates from callable CDs where they can call your CD back if interest rates drop.

All rates were checked as of 1/8/2023.

Photo by micheile henderson on Unsplash

Filed Under: Banking, , Investing

January 8, 2024 By Jonathan Ping Leave a Comment

Here’s my quarterly income update as a companion post to my MMB Portfolio Year-End 2023 performance update. I prefer to track the income produced as an alternative metric to performance. The total income goes up much more gradually and consistently than the number shown on brokerage statements (market price), which helps encourage consistent investing. Here’s a related quote from Jack Bogle (source):

The true investor will do better if he forgets about the stock market and pays attention to his dividend returns and to the operating results of his companies. – Jack Bogle

Here is the historical growth of the S&P 500 total dividend, which tracks roughly the largest 500 stocks in the US, updated as of Q3 2023 (via Yardeni Research):

That is a much smoother ride than the price index. I imagine my portfolio as a factory that churns out dollar bills, or a tree that gives dividend fruit.

More details on dividends. Stock dividends are a portion of profits that businesses have decided to distribute directly to shareholders, as opposed to reinvesting into their business, paying back debt, or buying back shares. The dividends may suffer some short-term drops, but over the long run they have grown faster than inflation.

In the US, the dividend culture is somewhat conservative in that shareholders expect dividends to be stable and only go up. Thus the starting yield is lower, but grows more steadily with smaller cuts during hard times. Here is the historical growth of the trailing 12-month (ttm) dividend paid by the Vanguard Total US Stock ETF (VTI) via StockAnalysis.com.

European corporate culture tends to encourage paying out a higher (sometimes fixed) percentage of earnings as dividends, but that also means the dividends move up and down with earnings. The starting yield is currently higher but may not grow as reliably. Here is the historical growth of the trailing 12-month (ttm) dividend paid by the Vanguard Total International Stock ETF (VXUS).

The dividend yield (dividends divided by price) also serve as a rough valuation metric. When stock prices drop, this percentage metric usually goes up – which makes me feel better in a bear market. When stock prices go up, this percentage metric usually goes down, which keeps me from getting too euphoric during a bull market.

My portfolio income history. I started tracking the income from my portfolio in 2014. Here’s what the annual distributions from my portfolio look like over time:

• $1,000,000 invested in my portfolio as of January 2014 would started out paying ~$24,000 in annual income over the previous 12 months. (2.4% starting yield)
• If I reinvested the dividends/interest every quarter but added no other contributions, as of January 2024 it would have generated ~$50,000 in annual income over the previous 12 months.
• If I spent all the dividends/interest every quarter and added no other contributions, as of January 2024 it would have generated ~$37,000 in annual income over the previous 12 months.

This chart shows how the annual income generated by my portfolio has increased over time and with dividend reinvestment.

Isn’t that a more pleasant way to track your progress?

TTM income yield. To estimate the income from my portfolio, I use the weighted “TTM” or “12-Month Yield” from Morningstar (checked 1/5/24), which is the sum of the trailing 12 months of interest and dividend payments divided by the last month’s ending share price (NAV) plus any capital gains distributed (usually zero for index funds) over the same period.

My ttm portfolio yield is now roughly 2.63%, about the same as last quarter’s value. That means if my portfolio had a value of $1,000,000 today, I would have received $26,300 in dividends and interest over the last 12 months.

What about the 4% rule? For goal planning purposes, I support the simple 4% or 3% rule of thumb, which equates to a target of accumulating roughly 25 to 33 times your annual expenses. I would lean towards a 3% withdrawal rate if you want to retire young (closer to age 50) and a 4% withdrawal rate if retiring at a more traditional age (closer to 65). I truly believe too much time is spent debating this number. It’s just a quick and dirty target to get you started, not a number sent down from the heavens!

During the accumulation stage, your time is better spent focusing on earning potential via better career moves, improving in your skillset, and/or looking for entrepreneurial opportunities where you can have an ownership interest.

As a semi-retired investor that has been partially supported by portfolio income for a while, I find that tracking income makes more tangible sense in my mind and is more useful for those who aren’t looking for a traditional retirement. Our dividends and interest income are not automatically reinvested. They are another “paycheck”, as our other paychecks now vary much more than before. Then, as with a traditional paycheck, we can choose to either spend it or invest it again to compound things more quickly. Even if we spend the dividends, this portfolio paycheck will still grow over time. You could use this money to cut back working hours, pursue a different career path, start a new business, take a sabbatical, perform charity or volunteer work, and so on.

Right now, I am trying to fully appreciate the “my kids still think I’m cool and want to spend time with me” period of my life. It won’t last much longer. Whenever I ask for a hug, I get one! (I’m actually dreading when I have to delete this sentence from my updates!) I am consciously choosing to work when they are at school but also consciously turning down work that doesn’t fit my priorities and goals. This portfolio income helps me do that.

Filed Under: Goals, Investing, Retirement

January 7, 2024 By Jonathan Ping 12 Comments

Here’s my year-end 2023 update for my investment holdings (published January 2024), including all of our combined 401k/403b/IRAs and taxable brokerage accounts but excluding our primary residence and side portfolio of self-directed investments. Following the concept of skin in the game, the following is not a recommendation, but a sharing of our real-world, imperfect, low-cost, diversified DIY portfolio.

“Never ask anyone for their opinion, forecast, or recommendation. Just ask them what they have in their portfolio.” – Nassim Taleb

How I Track My Portfolio
Here’s how I track my portfolio across multiple brokers and account types. There are limited free advanced options after Morningstar discontinued free access to their portfolio tracker. I use both Empower Personal Dashboard (previously known as Personal Capital) and a custom Google Spreadsheet to track my investment holdings:

• The Empower Personal Dashboard real-time portfolio tracking tools (free) automatically logs into my different accounts, adds up my various balances, tracks my performance, and calculates my overall asset allocation daily. Formerly known as Personal Capital.
• Once a quarter, I also update my manual Google Spreadsheet (free to copy, instructions) because it helps me calculate how much I need in each asset class to rebalance back towards my target asset allocation. I also create a new tab each quarter, so I have an archive of my holdings dating back many years.

2023 Year-End Asset Allocation and YTD Performance
Here are updated performance and asset allocation charts, per the “Holdings” and “Allocation” tabs of my Empower Personal Dashboard.

Humble Portfolio Background. I call this my “Humble Portfolio” because it reminds me to accept the repeated findings that the ability to know when stocks or bonds will outperform is exceedingly rare. Charlie Munger believes that only 5% of professional money managers have the skill required to consistently beat the index averages after costs.

Instead, by paying minimal costs including management fees, transaction spreads, and tax drag, you can essentially guarantee yourself above-average net performance over time.

I own broad, low-cost exposure to productive assets that will provide long-term returns above inflation, distribute income via dividends and interest, and finally offer some historical tendencies to balance each other out. I have faith in the long-term benefit of owning businesses worldwide, as well as the stability of high-quality US Treasury debt. My stock holdings roughly follow the total world market cap breakdown at roughly 60% US and 40% ex-US. I add just a little “spice” to the broad funds with the inclusion of “small value” factor ETFs for US, Developed International, and Emerging Markets stocks as well as diversified real estate exposure through US REITs.

I strongly believe in the importance of knowing WHY you own something. Every asset class will eventually have a low period, and you must have strong faith during these periods to earn those historically high returns. You have to keep owning and buying more stocks through the stock market crashes. You have to maintain and even buy more rental properties during a housing crunch, etc. A good sign is that if prices drop, you’ll want to buy more of that asset instead of less. I don’t have strong faith in the long-term results of commodities, gold, or bitcoin – so I don’t own them.

I do not spend a lot of time backtesting various model portfolios, as I don’t think picking through the details of the recent past will necessarily create superior future returns. You’ll find that whatever model portfolio is popular at the moment just happens to hold the asset class that has been the hottest recently as well.

Find productive assets that you believe in and understand, and just keep buying them through the ups and downs. Mine may be different than yours.

I have settled into a long-term target ratio of roughly 70% stocks and 30% bonds (or 2:1 ratio) within our investment strategy of buy, hold, and occasionally rebalance. My goal has evolved to more of a “perpetual income portfolio” as opposed to the more common “build up a big stash and hope it lasts until I die” portfolio. My target withdrawal rate is 3% or less. Here is a round-number breakdown of my target asset allocation along with my primary ETF holding for each asset class.

• 30% US Total Market (VTI)
• 5% US Small-Cap Value (VBR)
• 20% International Total Market (VXUS)
• 5% International Small-Cap Value (AVDV)
• 10% US Real Estate (REIT) (VNQ)
• 15% US “Regular” Treasury Bonds or FDIC-insured deposits
• 15% US Treasury Inflation-Protected Bonds (or I Savings Bonds)

Performance details. According to Empower, my portfolio is up about 15.1% for 2024. The S&P 500 is up about 25% YTD, while the US Bond index is up around 6%. My overall return lagged the US broad market due to my international stock holdings and bond holdings, but I am still happy with my risk positioning (also see above regarding ups and downs).

Yet again, there was little action on my part this year. I didn’t sell a single share of anything, and that’s how I like it. I did reinvest some dividends and interest into TIPS, but the timing plus the year-end bull run of the US stock market still left me again with a higher stock percentage. Unless something extreme happens, I plan to use my future cashflows to rebalance back into bonds.

I’ll share about more about the income aspect in a separate post.

Filed Under: Goals, Investing, Retirement

January 4, 2024 By Jonathan Ping 3 Comments

SoFi has a new 2% IRA match promotion (previously only 1%), where they will add an extra 2% bonus towards your annual IRA contributions to a SoFi IRA (active or automated). You must contribute by April 15, 2024 (“Tax Day”). Both Traditional and Roth IRAs are eligible (no SEP). The bonus does not count toward your contribution limits. ACH transfers only (no ACATs, wires, or rollovers).

The IRA contribution limits for 2024 are $7,000 for people under age 50, which means they can earn up to a $140 bonus. For people age 50 and over, the limit is $8,000 which means they can earn up to a $160 bonus on top of their contributions. You must keep the contribution at SoFi for two years (until 4/15/2026).

New SoFI Invest customers can also either get a guaranteed $25 new user bonus or a lottery-style prize with an average expected value of under $10 (85% will only get $5, but you get approximately a 1 in 3,500 chance of getting $1,000).

The SoFi Active IRA is basically a normal brokerage account where you can buy whatever you want, including low-cost index ETFs with no trade commissions. The Automated IRA is a robo-advisor account where they will manage a portfolio for you (no advisory fees).

Robinhood announced a similar 1% IRA match earlier, although Robinhood seems to suggest that will be more of a recurring feature, and I’m not sure if SoFi will continue this every year. Keep in mind that if you want to move your IRA to another broker later, SoFi charges a $75 outgoing ACAT fee.

Here are the full terms.

“Secret” 2% SoFi Invest match. Here’s a lesser-known way to earn even more rewards if you commit to automatic, recurring investments. SoFi Points is their loyalty rewards program where you earn points for doing various activities like logging into the SoFi app for 7 days in a row, activating your debit card, linking external accounts, or paying a bill. SoFi Plus is a premium tier that activates if you have a SoFi checking or savings account and maintain a direct deposit of any amount (even $1), and allows you to earn extra points.

Right now, one of the bonus perks is 100 points each time you make a recurring scheduled transfer of $50+ into a SoFi Invest brokerage account, valid up to 3 times per week. $150 a week times 52 weeks = $7,800, which is above the IRA contribution limits. 100 SoFi points = $1, so $1 bonus on a $50 transfer works out to an additional 2% bonus/match.

They could always change this in the future, but for now it’s a pretty good deal. I’ve been doing the transfer into a regular taxable SoFi brokerage account, but I imagine it should work for IRAs as well.

SoFi new customer bonuses. New users can receive a separate opening bonus for each separate part of SoFi (Money, Invest, Crypto, etc):

• SoFi Checking Referral Offer: Up to $325 new user bonus. Open a new SoFi Money account and add at least $10 to your account within 5 days, and get $25. Then get up to $300 additional bonus with qualifying direct deposit. Plus up to 4.60% APY.
• SoFi Invest Referral Offer: $25 new user bonus. Brokerage account. Open an Active Investing account with $10 or more, and you’ll get $25 in stock
• SoFi Invest Alternate Offer: Claw Game. Feeling lucky? Compare a guaranteed $25 above against an 85% chance of only getting $5 but having a 0.028% chance of a $1,000 bonus. (That is less than 1 in 3,500 odds.)
• SoFi Invest Asset Transfer Offer: Up to $5,000 Bonus. Transfer over your existing assets from another broker and SoFi will pay you a bonus. From $50 bonus for transferring $5,000 in assets all the way up to $5,000 bonus for $2 million in assets.
• SoFi Credit Card Referral Offer: $50 bonus. Standard feature is 2% cash back with no annual fee.
• SoFi Student Loan Refi: $300 bonus. Warning: Do your research before refinancing your Federal student loans to a private lender.
• SoFi Doctors and Dentists Student Loan Refi: $1,000 bonus. Special low rates just for doctors and dentists.
• SoFi Private Student Loan: $100 bonus.
• SoFi Personal Loans Referral Offer: Fixed $300 bonus. Fixed $300 bonus, 90 days after successful funding. The loan has no fees and you can pay it back in full after 90 days (you can pay it down to $50 before then to accrue minimal interest).

Filed Under: , Investing

January 3, 2024 By Jonathan Ping 20 Comments

Update January 2024: If you have the Fidelity Bloom app, this is a reminder that the 10% annual savings match is reset and you can again get $30 for a $300 transfer into your Fidelity Bloom Save account. If you use the SPAXX option for cash sweep, you are also earning close to the equivalent of 5% APY (as of 1/3/24). Here is a screenshot of my 2023 rewards:

Full review:

Fidelity Bloom is a new(er) app from Fidelity Investments targeted at helping young adults become more financially aware and develop better savings habits. iOS and Android. Fidelity has included many “behavioral psychology” features from other fintech startup apps like a match on savings transfers, debit card cash back rewards, rounding-up purchases and saving the difference, and shopping portal cashback. The highlights:

• (No new user bonus at the moment. Was $100.)
• 10% annual savings match (up to $30). Get a 10% match on the first $300 saved into their Bloom Save account (up to a $30 match on $300 of new money deposited).
• 10 cents from Fidelity with every debit card purchase. Fidelity will automatically deposit a fixed 10 cents into the Fidelity Bloom Save account every time customers use the Fidelity Bloom debit card. Reminds me of the Citi Rewards+ credit card.
• Automatically round up purchases into savings. Customers can automatically round up purchases to the nearest dollar and have the difference moved to savings from their Fidelity Bloom Spend to their Fidelity Bloom Save account.
• Up to 25% cashback through shopping portal. Receive up to 25% cash back into your Fidelity Bloom Save account when you shop in-app with 1,100+ participating retailers.

Interest rate is competitive (up to ~5% as of 1/3/24 with SPAXX), but it’s a brokerage account. Is it a bank account? Is it a brokerage account? It’s a SIPC-insured brokerage account:

The Fidelity Bloom App is designed to help with your saving and spending behaviors through your Save and Spend accounts, which are brokerage accounts covered by SIPC insurance. They are not bank accounts and therefore are not covered by FDIC insurance.

You do get a routing number and account number for your two accounts, but the cash is held like their other non-retirement accounts. During the sign-up process, you can pick between one of three options for your core position:

• Fidelity® Interest-Bearing Option (FCASH)
• Fidelity Government Money Market Fund (SPAXX)
• Fidelity Treasury Money Market Fund (FZFXX)

Although I have confidence in Fidelity’s long-term experience and conservatism in running these money market mutual funds, the lack of FDIC coverage is something to note. The rates may change daily. View current rates here.

After you open via app, you can see the account balances at Fidelity.com but you’ll still need the app to change any settings. Here’s a screenshot from my app.

Fidelity recently shut down another of its experimental apps called “Fidelity Spire”, so we’ll see if this one catches on a bit better.

For posterity, here are the terms & conditions for the (expired) $100 limited-time offer:

This offer is valid for new or existing Fidelity Brokerage Services LLC (“Fidelity”) customers who make an initial total deposit of at least $50 (“Qualifying Deposit”) into their Fidelity Bloom Spend account or Fidelity Bloom Save account on or after August 13, 2023 through the Fidelity Bloom app. This offer is limited to one cash award per individual. For clarity, existing Bloom clients who have not yet made any deposits into either of their Fidelity Bloom Spend or Fidelity Bloom Save accounts can participate in this offer by making a Qualifying Deposit by August 27, 2023. Existing Fidelity customers who have previously made deposits into their Fidelity Bloom Spend or Save accounts, including individuals who have already participated in the Bloom $50 offer, are not eligible for this offer.

Filed Under: Banking, , Investing

January 2, 2024 By Jonathan Ping 1 Comment

The beginning of the year is also a good time to check on the new annual contribution limits for retirement and benefit accounts, many of which are indexed to inflation. Our respective incomes have been quite variable these last few years, so I regularly adjust our paycheck deferral percentages based on expected income for the year. I still try to max things out if I can, or at least stay on pace to do so. This 2024 SHRM article and this 2024 IRS article have a nice summary of 2024 vs. 2023 numbers for most employer-based retirement and benefit accounts.

401k/403b Employer-Sponsored Accounts.

For example, you could break down your applicable limit down into monthly and bi-weekly amounts:

• $23,000 annual limit = $1,916.67 per monthly paycheck.
• $23,000 annual limit = $884.61 per bi-weekly paycheck.

The higher maximum limits are useful are for those folks that have the ability to contribute extra money into their 401k accounts on an after-tax basis (and then potentially perform an in-service Roth rollover), or those self-employed persons with SEP IRAs or Self-Employed 401k plans.

If you are contributing to a pre-tax account instead of a Roth, you could also use a paycheck calculator to find the detailed impact to your after-tax “take home” pay.

Even if you aren’t hitting the limits, consider increasing your salary deferral contribution rate 1% higher than last year. This can still make a substantial difference if you keep it up.

Traditional/Roth IRAs. The annual contribution limits are up $500 from last year, now $7,000 with an additional $1,000 allowed for those age 50+.

• $7,000 annual limit = $583.33 per monthly paycheck.
• $7,000 annual limit = $269.23 per bi-weekly paycheck.

Most brokerage accounts (Vanguard, Fidelity, M1 Finance) will allow you to set up automatic investments on a weekly, biweekly, or monthly basis. As long as you have enough money in your linked checking account, the broker will transfer the cash over and then invest it on a recurring basis. You may even be able to sync it to take out money the very same or next business day as when your paycheck hits (for example, every other Monday after your paycheck hits every other Friday).

Health Savings Accounts are often treated as the equivalent of a “Healthcare IRA” due the potential triple tax benefits (tax-deduction on contributions, tax-deferred growth for decades, and tax-free withdrawals towards qualified healthcare expenses). This assumes that you have a high-deductible health insurance plan (more popular every year as they are cheaper for employers too), you can cover your current healthcare expenses out-of-pocket, and you can still afford to contribute to the HSA. Up a little for 2024.

Healthcare Flexible Spending Accounts are still an commonly-available option for others. Up a little for 2024.

Dependent Care FSAs are easy tax savings if you have children in daycare and/or preschool. These are not indexed to inflation. They can also be used to pay for before and afterschool supervision and summer day camps.

Filed Under: Investing, Retirement

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